【新唐人2014年08月15日訊】中國官方在日前承認：有兩萬多家中國企業在海外投資，但是「90%以上是虧損的」，這包括「國企，央企還有地方企業」。中國的經濟學者茅於軾指出，國有企業海外投資大多失敗，而私營企業恰好相反，大多成功。為甚麼國企和私企同在海外投資，成敗卻相差如同兩重天？下面請來看看有關報導。
大陸「經濟貿易促進會」副會長王文利日前披露，中國企業僅在美國就投資了八百億左右，涉及電腦、風電項目、機械和房地產等多個領域。其中很大一部分資金是投入房地產項目，約有兩百億美元。
而媒體和學者經常討論：中國企業海外投資的失敗原因。其中包括：政治體制不同造成全社會的經濟運行模式不同﹔企業運作理念差異很大，如，中國和外國的工會職能完全不同；還有，中國企業的環保標準遠遠達不到國際標準，追加投資與利潤形成矛盾﹔以及西方國家成熟的市場經濟反對中國國企的「壟斷行為」等。
中國經濟學者茅於軾：「因為文化、環境、制度都不一樣，這個是普遍問題。也不能說100%都失敗，私人資本投資成功的佔多數。賠錢主要是國企，他們花別人的錢不在乎，所以就賠了。這個90%指的是國企，私企大概是相反，90%幾都成功。」
美國500強企業之一——「高盛集團」的首席執行官勞埃德•布蘭克費恩（Lloyd Blankfein）曾明確指出，對於來自中國的投資，需要區分是私營企業還是國有企業。對中國的國有企業的投資和收購，美國監管者在國家安全的考量之外，還要考量他們的經濟行為是出於商業動機還是國家動機。不同的國有企業實際是同一個控制者——中共當局，因此就要受到美國的國內反壟斷法的約束。
旅美時事評論員藍述：「官方的企業它在海外的運作方式跟國內是差不了多少的，基本上還是一個極權的制度下的官辦企業的運作方式，它的決策、很多過程並不是跟國外的這種企業管理方式接軌。這個就造成它對市場的敏感度及整個的營銷過程、對顧客的服務過程都是差一截。」
據大陸媒體去年報導，中國在海外的礦業投資，失敗率高達八成。例如：澳大利亞原本是礦業大國，但中國去年上半年對澳礦業的投資，降到了歷史的最低點。據「中國礦業聯合會」(中礦聯)國際與地礦金融項目部項目負責人常興國披露，中國在鉀鹽和鐵礦方面的投資，獲得成功的寥寥無幾。受中共國土資源部和商務部的委託，「中礦聯」發佈的報告也顯示這方面的投資已經放緩。
另一方面，越來越多的大陸私營企業登上世界經濟舞臺。山東民營企業「玉皇化工集團」今年7月下旬宣佈，將投資18億5000萬美元，分三期在美國新建一座世界級的甲醇生產廠。他們看中的是美國充裕的天然氣資源，和遠低於國際市場的價格。
茅於軾：「私企投資都很成功，國企不但在外國投資不成功，在中國投資也是不成功的。核心問題不是在外國還是在中國，問題是國企還是私企。國企就失敗了，私企大部分都能成功。中國人在東南亞也好，在歐洲、非洲，投資都是成功的多。」
大陸經濟學者多年前就指出，國有企業在海外的投資失敗，原因是「對海外環境不了解，缺乏考察，盲目建項目盲目投資﹔不從企業實際情況出發，總想和當地最成功企業競爭，不能揚長避短﹔缺乏適應當地市場需求的實際人才﹔經營管理不能完全市場化，仍處於半政府狀態﹔分配不公，監督機制不完善﹔以及惡意轉移國家資產」等。
旅居海外多年的高女士透露，他丈夫「北京大學」外語系畢業後先在駐外使館工作，然後到海外國企的辦事處任職。他們的工作都是按國內的指令去做﹔如果大陸高官或企業高管來訪時，他們都要放下手中的工作，全力接待。
採訪編輯/唐音 後製/陳建銘
Overseas Investment State-owned and Private Enterprises Face Success or Failure
More than 90 percent of over 20,000 Chinese enterprises investing overseas are loss making, whether state-owned, central or private enterprises, admits mainland official. Mao Yushi, mainland economist points out that most of the state-owned enterprises fail to get overseas investment, but with private enterprises it’s to the contrary. Why there is so much difference between state-owned and private enterprises in overseas investment? Let’s see the detail.
Wang Wenli, vice president of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT), disclosed Chinese companies invested 80 billion dollars in the US, involving computers, wind power projects, mechanical and real estate. A large part of the investment, about 20 billion dollars are in real estate
Media and academics often discuss reasons for the lack of overseas investment in Chinese enterprises. These include: different political systems, results in different economic operating modes and different business operation ideas. For example, the function of trade unions is completely different between China and other countries. Chinese environmental standards fall short of international so the additional investment needed is unprofitable. The mature Western market economy opposes monopolistic behavior from Chinese state-owned enterprises and so on.
Mao Yushi: “it’s a common problem due to different cultures, environment and systems. We cannot say 100 percent failure because most private investment is a success. The losers are mainly the state-owned enterprises because they spend other people』s money and do not care.So the 90% means the state-owned enterprises; the private enterprises are to the contrary, 90% successful."
Lloyd Blankfein, head of Goldman Sachs, in the top US 500. points out that we need to distinguish between Chinese private and state-owned enterprises in investment. For China state-owned enterprise investment and acquisition, US regulators need to consider not only national security, but also whether the intention of their economic behavior is for business or nation. There is actually only one controller for the different state-owned enterprises – the Chinese authorities. So they are subject to U.S. domestic antitrust law constraint.
Political commenter Lan Shu: “the official enterprise operation is not much different in China because it is still a government enterprise operation under the same totalitarian system. Their processes include decision-making still not using international standards which leave their marketing sensitivity, marketing and customer service processes a long way to go."
According to a mainland media report last year, China’s overseas mining investment failure rate is up to 80 percent. For example: Australia is a mining country, but China mining investment there dropped to its historic lowest point in the first half last year. Chang Yuguo, director of China Mining Association International Finance Project disclosed, China has very little success in investment in potash and iron ore areas. The Chinese Communist Party Ministry of Land Resources and Commerce entrusted the Mining Association to release the report showing that investment in potash and iron ore has slowed
But more and more mainland private enterprises are on the world economic stage. Shandong private enterprise Yuhuang Chemical Company announced late July investment of 1,850 million dollars to build a world-class methanol production plant in the US. They picked abundant natural gas resources and the lowest market price in the world in the US.
Mao Yushi: “most private enterprise investment is successful. State-owned enterprise investment not only failed in foreign countries but also in China. The core issue is not between a foreign country or China, but between state- or private-owned enterprises. Chinese private enterprise investment is all successful no matter in Southeast Asia, or in Europe and Africa. “
Many years ago, mainland economists pointed out that the reason that the state-owned enterprises fail overseas investment is because they do not understand the overseas environment; lack investigation and blindly invest in construction projects. They can’t avoid weakness to go from the actual, but want to compete with local successful enterprise; lack the real talents to adapt to local market needs; manage in semi-government status not market-oriented; adopt inadequate monitor mechanisms with unfair distribution; transfer state assets with ill will.
Ms. Gao who lived abroad for many years revealed that her husband worked in the embassy in foreign countries after he graduated from Peking University Foreign Language Department, then worked in overseas state-owned enterprise offices. Their work is done by domestic instruction. If officials or business executives visit, they have to try their best to welcome them by leaving their work.
Interview & Edit/TangYin Post-Production/Chen Jianming
