【新唐人2011年9月23日訊】「中國社會科學院」最近發佈的一份報告顯示，中國大陸城鄉收入差距比為3.23比1，這使得中國成為世界上城鄉收入差距最大的國家之一。一些經濟學者認為，中共現有的政策和對農民的歧視，是造成大陸城鄉收入差距大的原因。也有學者認為，中國明顯偏向權貴的收入分配政策才是根本原因。
「社科院」題為《中國城市發展報告第四號——聚焦民生》的報告說，早在2005年，國際勞工組織的資料顯示，絕大多數國家的城鄉人均收入比都小於1.6，只有三個國家超過了2，中國名列其中。
據「中國社科院」城市發展與環境研究所的資料顯示，中國目前城鄉收入差距比例是3.23:1，西部的一些省份這一比例更高達4:1以上。
不過，中國經濟學者綦彥臣表示，按他自己收錄的微觀樣本統計，也就是以100戶典型中等收入的農村和城鎮居民來測算，這個差距為11倍。
綦彥臣:「他們的實際收入差距，純貨幣的應該是7.67倍到8.12倍。那麼實際加上三項，第一項交通方便程度，第二個綜合衛生條件，就醫方便度。通過三點，綜合以上資料，實際差距是11倍。」
原中國國家統計局局長邱曉華也持這個觀點。他認為，由於農民收入中40%為實物性收入，扣除這些和用於擴大生產的開支，中國城鄉居民收入真實差距應該為5比1、甚至6比1，比20年前高出近三倍。
中國城鄉收入差距比例如此高，學者綦彥臣歸結於三個因素，就是中國的土地制度限制了農民資本使用的方便程度；以及戶籍制度不合理；和農村的以黨代政，使得治理效率特別低下。
綦彥臣:「第一個最大問題是中國土地制度問題。中國土地制度是讓農民處於低收入、低福利狀態的一個根本。第二點，中國戶口二元制，分成農村戶口，分成城市戶口。城市二元戶口制度造成了對農民的歧 視，這個歧視帶來了他們的低收入。第三，中國農村治理體系基本失效，也就是說，中國農村黨權佔據了制權的位置。」
著名經濟學家茅於軾把城鄉收入差距大的原因，歸為政策有利於城市人口。
茅於軾：「在城市化的過程中，城市獲得的好處大，農村的好處小。好像農村的農民可以進城打工，他們的收入可以有所提高，但是這是市場的作用，現在中國政府的政策有利於城市人口，農民得不到公共服務。」
旅美中國社會經濟問題專家程曉農認為，中國老百姓窮，是由於中共政府在收入分配政策上完全的拋棄了社會的公正，農民包括中低層的百姓都是被剝削的對像，加上貪腐使得貧富差距還在拉大。
程曉農：「收入分配明顯的偏向於權貴階層。而普通老百姓，普通的工人，包括農民工，無論他們怎麼拚命的工作，他們創造的成果絕大部分都落在了政府的口袋裡，被政府和權貴集團拿走了。而老百姓自己生活是始終處於一種艱難的狀態，所謂勉強溫飽，僅此而已。」
茅於軾認為，農民的財產主要是土地，雖然中國土地價格上升飛快，但這個收益不能成為農民的收益，變成了政府的收益。另外，義務教育撥款的差距也非常大，使農村義務教育水準跟不上城市。加上醫療、住房和戶籍政策上的歧視，城鄉差距更加拉大。
新唐人記者張麗娜、宋風、肖顏採訪報導。
China』s Urban-Rural Gap Is Widening
Recently the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)
released a report, stating that the urban-rural income gap
ratio is 3.23 to 1. This makes China the world’s No. 1
country with the largest urban-rural income gap.
Economists attribute this to China』s existing
discriminatory policies regarding rural population,
with some scholars narrowing down the reason
to the income distribution policy, favoring China』s elites.
CASS』s China Urban Development Report No.4 (Focus on
people’s livelihood) notes that back in 2005,
the International Labor Organization (ILO) data showed
the urban-rural income gap ratios of most nations
to be under 1.6. Only three countries, including China,
exceed this number.
According to CASS』s report, China’s current urban-rural
income gap ratio is 3.23 to 1.
In some western provinces, the proportion is
as high as 4 to 1 or even higher.
However, Chinese economist Qi Yanchen revealed
that according to his own statistics based on subsamples,
that is, 100 typical middle-income rural and urban residents,
the gap ratio is 11 times.
Qi Yanchen: “The actual income gap, in terms of net income,
should be 7.67~8.12 times to 1.
To that should be added three other factors: transportation
accessibility, integrated health conditions,
and access to medical services. Based on the above data,
the actual income gap ratio is actually 11 to 1.”
Former head of China National Bureau of Statistics,
Qiu Xiaohua, shared the same view.
He argued that 40% of farmers’ incomes are net incomes.
Excluding this part and capacity expansion costs,
China』s real urban-rural income gap should be 5 to 1,
even 6 to 1, nearly three times higher than 20 years ago.
Qi Yanchen attributes the high ratio to three factors:
China’s land system that limits the farmers’ access to capital,
unreasonable residency system and,CCP』s
(Chinese Communist Party) replacement of government
in all rural areas, making governance efficiency
especially low.
Qi Yanchen: “The biggest problem is China’s land system.
It is the root cause of farmers low-income and low-welfare.
Secondly, China』s binary residency system. It divides
the society into urban and rural households,
resulting in discrimination of farmers,
further lowering their income.
Thirdly, the basic failure of governance system in rural areas,
or CCP』s system to impose its cadres to govern.”
Renowned economist Mao Yushi believes that the reason
lies in the authorities』 policies in favor of urban residents.
Mao Yushi: “Large cities have obtained more benefits
during urbanization, but rural areas got only few.
It was said that farmers can work in cities for more income,
but that is the market mechanism playing its role.
The authorities』 current policies are in favor of urban
residents, but farmers cannot get access to public services.”
Cheng Xiaonong, US-based China economist, believes
China』s civilians are poor due to CCP authorities』 policies
on income distribution, which have completely abandoned
the social justice.
Farmers, including civilians at middle or low levels,
all become targets for exploitation,
and what』s more, the widespread corruption
is contributing to increase the wealth gap.
Cheng Xiaonong: “The income distribution has obvious bias
on elite strata. But ordinary civilians, including workers,
migrant workers, no matter how hard they work,
the majority of their labor』 fruits is taken by the government
and elite groups. So, civilians are always in a critical state,
barely able to feed and clothe, nothing more than that.”
Mao Yushi points that farmers』 main possession is the land.
But China』s quick-soaring land prices cannot become
farmers』 revenues as they go to CCP authorities』 pockets.
Besides, the urban-rural gap of compulsory
education funding allocation is very large too.
And the discriminatory polices on medical care, housing
and residency system, are widening this gap even further.
NTD reporters Zhang Lina, Song Feng and Xiao Yan